When a child maltreatment investigation begins, caregivers often find themselves in one of the most stressful moments of their lives. They are expected to cooperate, provide information, and trust that the system will act in their child’s best interest. But what happens when the very system designed to protect children feels dismissive, unclear, or even harmful?
A new study published in the Journal of Trauma & Dissociation explores this question using the concept of institutional betrayal (IB). Institutional betrayal refers to harm caused by institutions that people depend on for safety and support. In this case, researchers examined whether caregivers involved in child maltreatment investigations experienced forms of exclusion, discrimination, invalidation, or inaction during the process.
What the Researchers Studied
The study interviewed 32 caregivers involved in child maltreatment investigations in a large U.S. county. Through open-ended interviews, researchers analyzed whether caregivers’ experiences reflected key features of institutional betrayal.
Importantly, experiences were not uniform. Some caregivers reported feeling respected and supported. Others described confusion, dismissal, or lack of follow-through. The picture that emerged was complex.
Exclusion: “I Didn’t Even Know My Role”
Nearly half of caregivers reported that no one clearly explained their role in the investigation. Some said they were simply told what would happen, with little opportunity for input. Others described being physically present but not meaningfully included in conversations or decisions.
For caregivers already under stress, this lack of clarity can heighten anxiety and helplessness. When people do not understand what is expected of them or how decisions are being made, trust erodes quickly.
At the same time, about one quarter of caregivers described feeling included and actively involved. This contrast suggests that inclusion is possible, but not consistently practiced.
Discrimination: Concerns About Bias
A smaller portion of caregivers expressed concerns that race, socioeconomic status, or education level influenced how their cases were handled. Some felt assumptions were made about them without thorough investigation. Others believed that families from different backgrounds might have been treated differently.
While not the majority experience, these perceptions matter. Even the belief that bias may be present can damage trust and engagement with services.
Invalidation: Feeling Dismissed or Blamed
Around one third of caregivers described experiences that felt invalidating, including being blamed, not believed, or treated with disrespect. Some reported that their trauma reactions were not understood. Others described tone, language, or lack of empathy that made them feel judged rather than supported.
At the same time, many caregivers also described moments of validation. In fact, the majority reported at least one experience of empathy, respect, or helpful resource provision. These positive moments often centered on compassionate communication.
Inaction: Lack of Follow-Through
About one in five caregivers reported that investigators did not follow through on promises or failed to return calls. Some felt that safety concerns were not addressed adequately. Others described delays in communication that left them feeling unsupported.
Yet, nearly half of caregivers also reported satisfactory follow-through when communication was timely and clear.
Communication Was Central
Although the study did not directly ask about communication, every single caregiver brought it up. Clear explanations, regular updates, and respectful tone were repeatedly described as critical. When communication was strong, caregivers were more likely to feel included and supported. When it was weak, it amplified feelings of exclusion or invalidation.
This finding is not surprising. Child protection investigations are complex and emotionally charged. Without clear guidance and consistent updates, people are left to fill in the gaps with fear and uncertainty.
Why This Matters for Mental Health
Experiences of institutional betrayal in other settings have been linked to depression, anxiety, and withdrawal from services. In child protection, disengagement can have serious consequences for both caregivers and children.
When caregivers feel heard, respected, and informed, they are more likely to stay engaged in services that promote child safety and family wellbeing. When they feel dismissed or excluded, they may withdraw, which can complicate outcomes.
What Can Reduce Institutional Betrayal in Practice
The researchers conclude that institutional betrayal is a useful framework for understanding caregiver experiences in child protection. The study highlights practical steps that may reduce harm:
- Clearly define caregivers’ roles from the beginning
- Provide written explanations of processes and expectations
- Offer regular updates
- Use trauma-informed, respectful communication
- Ensure follow-through on promises
At its core, this research reminds us of something simple but powerful. Systems designed to protect children must also care for the people connected to them. Small shifts in communication and inclusion can make a significant difference in how safe and supported people feel during one of the hardest moments of their lives.
You can read the full article here.
